Which Enlightenment idea significantly influenced revolutionary thought?

Social contract theory is a fundamental Enlightenment idea that significantly influenced revolutionary thought. This theory posits that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed, and individuals have certain inalienable rights that must be protected by the state. Thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau elaborated on this concept, suggesting that if a government fails to uphold these rights or acts against the interests of the people, the citizens have the right to revolt and establish a new government that aligns more closely with their ideals.

This idea was revolutionary because it challenged the traditional notions of authority and monarchy where rulers derived power from divine right or lineage without accountability to their subjects. As such, social contract theory provided a philosophical foundation for various revolutions, encouraging people to assert their rights and challenge oppressive governments, exemplified by the American and French Revolutions.

In contrast, concepts like the divine right of kings supported the continuation of absolute monarchy, which was contrary to the revolutionary ideals of popular sovereignty and individual rights. Monastic living relates more to religious and community life, offering no political framework for governance or rights. Mercantilism is an economic theory focused on trade and commerce, lacking the political implications that fueled revolutionary thought.