Which philosopher emphasized the importance of reason over tradition during the Enlightenment?

The philosopher who emphasized the importance of reason over tradition during the Enlightenment is Montesquieu. He is well-known for advocating the use of reason to analyze and critique established institutions and social norms, setting the stage for modern political thought. Montesquieu’s work, particularly in "The Spirit of the Laws," underscores the need for rational inquiry and the application of reason in governance, rather than blindly adhering to traditional practices.

His ideas about the separation of powers within government reflect a reasoned approach to political structure, aimed at preventing tyranny and ensuring liberty. This focus on rationality helped to shape Enlightenment thinking, encouraging others to question traditional authority and seek evidence-based solutions to societal issues.

In contrast, others like Thomas Hobbes emphasized a more cynical view of human nature and governance, prioritizing order over reason. David Hume, although he valued reason, was skeptical about its capacity to influence human behavior fully, particularly in moral judgment. Rousseau, while critical of certain traditions, emphasized feelings and the 'noble savage' idea, which diverges from the pure reason-based approach championed by Montesquieu.