Which philosophy led to questioning the power of absolute rulers?

Rationalism is the philosophy that significantly influenced the questioning of absolute rulers. It emphasizes the role of reason and critical thinking in understanding the world, rather than relying solely on tradition, authority, or faith. During the Enlightenment, rationalist thinkers encouraged individuals to apply reason to all areas of life, including the structure and legitimacy of government. This led to a growing skepticism toward the idea of absolute monarchy, where rulers claimed divine right and unquestionable power. Enlightenment philosophers, such as René Descartes and later thinkers like John Locke, argued that government should be based on reasoned principles of justice and rights, which inherently challenged the unchecked authority of kings and monarchs.

By promoting individual reasoning and questioning established norms, rationalism paved the way for democratic ideas and the concept of social contracts, ultimately contributing to revolutions and movements that sought to limit the power of absolute rulers.