Who is known for advocating that science advances through observation and experimentation?

The figure recognized for advocating that science advances through observation and experimentation is Francis Bacon. He is often credited with developing the scientific method that emphasizes empirical research and systematic experimentation as essential components for acquiring knowledge. Bacon's philosophy argued for the importance of inductive reasoning, where conclusions are drawn from observed data, rather than relying solely on existing doctrines or philosophical speculation. This approach laid the groundwork for modern scientific inquiry, encouraging scientists to gather evidence through careful observation and rigorous experimentation to validate their theories.

In contrast, others like René Descartes focused more on deductive reasoning and mathematical certainty, while David Hume’s contributions went toward a philosophical exploration of empiricism and skepticism. Baruch Spinoza's work was more aligned with metaphysical frameworks than the empirical methods emphasized by Bacon. Thus, Bacon's insistence on observation and experimentation stands out clearly as a foundational principle in the evolution of scientific thought.